Impacts of Extreme Climate Events on Mangrove Ecosystems in East Africa: A Systematic Review and Socio-Ecological Resilience Framework

East African mangroves provide coastal protection and significant socio-ecological benefits, yet they are increasingly threatened by growing anthropogenic pressure combined with the intensification and increased frequency of extreme weather events. Despite a growing body of literature on the subject, the systematization of knowledge regarding how these phenomena affect the structure, function, and recovery processes of mangroves in East Africa remains limited. A systematic review was conducted to assess the impacts of extreme weather events on the mangrove ecosystems. A total of 97 peer-reviewed studies were analyzed revealing that extreme events significantly alter mangrove structural integrity, sediment dynamics, and salinity regimes, often leading to widespread mortality and reduced ecosystem functionality. Recovery trajectories vary considerably depending on disturbance intensity, species composition, hydrological connectivity, and anthropogenic pressures. The findings underscore the urgent need to incorporate ecosystem-based adaptation strategies into coastal management and public policies. Strengthening mangrove resilience is essential not only for biodiversity conservation but also for bostering coastal protection in the face of intensifying climate change.

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