Integrative pest assessment of cashew agroecosystem: Diversity and spatial distribution with nature-based solutions toward sustainable production in Guinea-Bissau

Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) is a major tropical crop and a key source of rural income and government revenue in Guinea-Bissau, where pest pressure limits productivity. This study examined factors influencing pest dynamics in cashew agroecosystems through surveys and field assessments of 151 plantations across the country’s three agroecological zones between 2021 and 2023. Orchards were mainly managed by male smallholders and characterized by old trees, high planting densities, and low yields. Thirteen pest morphospecies were identified, with non-reproductive guilds showing the highest occurrence (93%). Pest distribution varied regionally, influenced by environmental drivers such as precipitation seasonality in the East and high pest prevalence in the North. Essential oils extracted from five native and naturalized plant species traditionally used as repellents showed distinct chemical profiles and promising antifeedant activity against a model pest, highlighting their potential as sustainable, nature-based solutions for improving cashew resilience, pest management, and productivity in Guinea-Bissau.

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